A monumental 14th-century Islamic history outlining a sweeping cyclical theory of empires, exploring the rise and fall of civilizations through the lens of social cohesion ('Asabiyyah').
Ibn Khaldun's 14th-century introduction to universal history, laying out a theory of dynasties, social cohesion, taxation, labor, and civilizational rise and decline. Often described as the first serious work of sociology and macro-history.
